INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/mvme68k. CONTENTS About this Document What is NetBSD? Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases, and newer Features to be removed in a later release The NetBSD Foundation Sources of NetBSD NetBSD 10.99.12 Release Contents NetBSD/mvme68k subdirectory structure Binary distribution sets NetBSD/mvme68k System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported VME147 hardware Supported VME162/VME172 hardware Supported VME167/VME177 hardware Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Creating boot/install tapes Boot/Install from NFS server Install/Upgrade from CD-ROM Install/Upgrade via FTP Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Installing the NetBSD System Installing from tape Installing from NFS Booting the miniroot Miniroot install program: Running the sysinst installation program Introduction General Quick install Booting NetBSD Network configuration Installation drive selection and parameters Selecting which sets to install Partitioning the disk Preparing your hard disk Getting the distribution sets Installation from CD-ROM Installation using FTP Installation using NFS Installation from an unmounted file system Installation from a local directory Extracting the distribution sets Configure additional items Finalizing your installation Post installation steps Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Upgrading using the miniroot Manual upgrade Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Using online NetBSD documentation Administrivia Thanks go to Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The End DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 10.99.12 on the mvme68k platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util- ity programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally presented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional open- source operating system derived from the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 10.99.12 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. For more information please visit https://www.NetBSD.org/. NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea- tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev- eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu- nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases, and newer The NetBSD 10.99.12 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous userland enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. Please note that this build is a development snapshot, not a formal release. You are testing the bleeding edge of NetBSD development, and no formal or informal testing may have been done for this snapshot (yet). One important new feature in this release is the support for extended attributes and access control lists on FFS file systems. For new installations the installer will by default disable these features, so the file system is compatible with older NetBSD releases (before 10), and allow other operating sys- tems to mount this file systems at least in read-only mode. If you want a new installed file system to support extended attributes, change the file system type from ``FFSv2'' to ``FFSv2ea'' in the partitioning menu. You can also convert file systems later, using the fsck_ffs(8) utility. More details are available in this guide: https://wiki.netbsd.org/tutorials/acls_and_extended_attributes_on_ffs. If you are upgrading from a version of NetBSD -current please also check the Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases. It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that went into the NetBSD 10.99.12 release. The complete list of changes can be found in the following files: CHANGES: https://nycdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/HEAD/latest/CHANGES CHANGES.prev: https://nycdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/HEAD/latest/CHANGES.prev Features to be removed in a later release The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: o groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as textproc/groff. o pf(4). This packet filter is obsolete and unmain- tained in NetBSD. It will be eventually removed due to possible long-standing security issues and lack of multiprocessor support. New installations should use npf(7). The NetBSD Foundation The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade- mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel- opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/ Sources of NetBSD Refer to mirrors: https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ NetBSD 10.99.12 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 10.99.12 release is orga- nized as follows: .../NetBSD-10.99.12/ CHANGES Changes after the netbsd-10 branch. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. images/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec- tures for which NetBSD 10.99.12 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis- tribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associ- ated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 10.99.12 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 10.99.12 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys- tem. All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Individual sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the com- mand: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com- mand: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/mvme68k subdirectory structure The mvme68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 10.99.12 release is found in the mvme68k subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-10.99.12/mvme68k/. It contains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. netbsd-VME147.gz A kernel for MVME147 boards. netbsd-VME162.gz A kernel for MVME162 boards. netbsd-VME167.gz A kernel for MVME167 boards. netbsd-VME172.gz A kernel for MVME172 boards. netbsd-VME177.gz A kernel for MVME177 boards. sets/ mvme68k binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ miniroot/ mvme68k miniroot file system image; see below. netboot/ Two programs needed to boot mvme68k kernels over the network; see below. tapeimage/ Tape boot programs, and a RAMDISK kernel; see below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD mvme68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 10.99.12 release for mvme68k. The binary distribution sets can be found in the mvme68k/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 10.99.12 dis- tribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 10.99.12 mvme68k base binary distribu- tion. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are neces- sary for the system to run and be minimally func- tional. comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. debug This distribution set contains debug information for all base system utilities. It is useful when reporting issues with binaries or during develop- ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. etc This distribution set contains the system configu- ration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. games This set includes the games and their manual pages. kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/mvme68k 10.99.12 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this dis- tribution set. man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the man- ual pages that are included in the other sets. misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. modules This set includes kernel modules to add functional- ity to a running system. rescue This set includes the statically linked emergency recovery binaries installed in /rescue. text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil- ity. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xdebug This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting issues with these binaries or during development. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xserver The X server. The mvme68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. The following are included in the mvme68k/installation directory: miniroot/ Note: The sysinst method of installation is the preferred method for installing NetBSD/mvme68k. The Traditional method of installation is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Some other important differences between the two installation methods are: o The Installer and Mkfs utilities are not used if the installation is done using the sysinst method via booting an Installation Kernel. o Mkfs creates a 4.3BSD "old" format file system. This is the only file system format understood by the Installer. The sysinst process cre- ates "new" file systems which can't be processed by Mkfs or the Installer. o The Installer (and probably Mkfs) is known to have problems with BSD file systems that are larger than 1 GB or extend beyond the 1 GB physical limit. Keep this in mind if doing a Tradi- tional method installation with these utilities. o The Booter is known to have problems booting from a NetBSD file system if the inode of the kernel file is too large. For large disks it is advis- able to have a small root partition and one or more usr-type partitions for other files. This ensures the inode of the kernel in the root file system will be small. o The Booter is designed to work with 4.3BSD "old" file systems, but there are enough similarities between the "old" and "new" file system formats in the first few hundred blocks that the Booter can usually boot a Kernel from a 4.3BSD new file system. If you choose to use "new" file system for- mats, it is advisable to use a small root partition and one or more usr- type partitions for other files. This is the default layout used by sysinst. miniroot.gz A copy of the miniroot file system. This file system image is copied into the swap partition of the disk which you intend to boot NetBSD from. Normally, this step will be performed manually from the ramdisk boot environment. netboot/ sboot An MVME147 bootstrap program in Motorola S-Record format. This is required when you wish to boot an MVME147 over the net- work since the ROM has no built-in network support. Instructions for getting this program into memory are discussed later. netboot A standalone 2nd stage bootstrap program loaded over the network via TFTP. This is responsible for fetching and starting the NetBSD mvme68k kernel from an NFS server. tapeimage/ stboot This file contains a boot sector for Motorola MVME boards. It must be the first file written to a tape in order to make the tape bootable. bootst This file contains a bootstrap program which knows how to load the NetBSD mvme68k ramdisk image from tape. This must be the second file written to the tape. netbsd-RAMDISK.gz This is the NetBSD mvme68k ramdisk image. It contains a GENERIC kernel and a built in RAMDISK with just enough tools to partition a disk, dump the miniroot kernel to it and make the disk bootable. This must be the third file written to the tape. Note: Each directory in the mvme68k binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/mvme68k System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD/mvme68k 10.99.12 runs on Motorola MVME147 , MVME162 , MVME167 , MVME172 , and MVME177 Single Board Computers. The minimal configuration requires 8 MB of RAM and ~200 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space. To run X (clients only) or compile the system, more RAM is recommended. Good performance requires 16 MB of RAM, or 32 MB when running the X Window System. Note that you can install NetBSD 10.99.12 on a system with only 4 MB of onboard RAM, but you will need to use a VMEbus RAM card with at least another 4 MB to augment the onboard memory in order to actually install the system. A swap partition of 2-3*RAM is recommended. Note that the NetBSD/mvme68k installation procedure uses a miniroot image which is placed into the swap area of the disk. The swap partition must be large enough to hold this miniroot image (> 7.5 MB). Supported VME147 hardware o Serial ports (RS232) - built-in console - ttyZ1 - ttyZ2 - ttyZ3 o Parallel port - On-board centronics style printer port o Network interfaces: - On-board Lance Ethernet (le) o SCSI - Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc - On-board wd33c93 SCSI bus interface chip (async only) o Miscellaneous: - Battery-backed real-time clock - VMEbus RAM cards - Any VMEbus interface cards with Machine Inde- pendent drivers Supported VME162/VME172 hardware o Serial ports (RS232) - built-in console - ttyC1 - ttyC2 - ttyC3 o Network interfaces: - On-board Intel Ethernet (ie) o SCSI - Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc - On-board ncr53c710 SCSI I/O processor chip o Miscellaneous: - Battery-backed real-time clock - VMEbus RAM cards - Any VMEbus interface cards with Machine Inde- pendent drivers Supported VME167/VME177 hardware o Serial ports (RS232) - built-in console - ttyZ1 - ttyZ2 - ttyZ3 o Parallel port - On-board centronics style printer port o Network interfaces: - On-board Intel Ethernet (ie) o SCSI - Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc - On-board ncr53c710 SCSI I/O Processor chip o Miscellaneous: - Battery-backed real-time clock - VMEbus RAM cards - Any VMEbus interface cards with Machine Inde- pendent drivers If it's not on the above lists, there is no support for it in this release. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Installation is supported from several media types, includ- ing: o Tape o NFS o CD-ROM o FTP Note that installing on a `bare' machine requires either a bootable tape drive or an ethernet to a compatible NFS server. MVME147 may also need to be booted over an RS232 connection. The procedure for transferring the distribution sets onto installation media depends on the type of media. Instruc- tions for each type of media are given below. In order to create installation media, you will need all the files and subdirectories in these two directories: .../NetBSD-10.99.12/mvme68k/installation .../NetBSD-10.99.12/mvme68k/binary Creating boot/install tapes Installing from tape is the simplest method of all. This method uses two tapes, one containing a bootable ramdisk and miniroot, the other containing the installation sets. The boot tape is created as follows: # cd .../NetBSD-10.99.12/mvme68k/installation # set T = /dev/nrst0 # mt -f $T rewind # dd if=tapeimage/stboot of=$T obs=8k conv=osync # dd if=tapeimage/bootst of=$T obs=8k conv=osync # gzip -dc tapeimage/netbsd-RAMDISK.gz | dd of=$T obs=8k conv=osync # gzip -dc miniroot/miniroot.fs.gz | dd of=$T obs=8k conv=osync # mt -f $T rewind The installation set tape is created as follows: # cd .../NetBSD-10.99.12/mvme68k/binary/sets # set T = /dev/nrst0 # mt -f $T rewind # for f in base etc comp games man misc rescue text; do gzip -d < $f.tgz | dd of=$T bs=8k conv=osync # done # mt -f $T rewind If the tape does not work as expected, you may need to explicitly set the EOF mark at the end of each tape segment. Consult the tape-related manual pages on the system where the tapes are created for more details. Boot/Install from NFS server If your machine has a disk and network connection, but no tape drive, it may be convenient for you to install NetBSD over the network. This involves temporarily booting your machine over NFS, just long enough so you can initialize its disk. This method requires that you have access to an NFS server on your network so you can configure it to support diskless boot for your machine. Configuring the NFS server is normally a task for a system administrator, and is not trivial. If you are using a NetBSD system as the boot-server, have a look at the diskless(8) manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this. If the server runs another operating system, consult the documentation that came with it (i.e. add_client(8) on SunOS). Booting an MVME147 from ethernet is not possible without first downloading a small bootstrap program (sboot) via RS232. See the section entitled Installing from NFS for details on how to accomplish this. sboot expects to be able to download a second stage boot- strap program via TFTP after having acquired its IP address through RARP It will look for a filename derived from the machine's IP address expressed in hexadecimal, with an extension of `.147'. For example, an MVME147 with IP address 130.115.144.11 will make an TFTP request for 8273900B.147. Normally, this file is just a symbolic link to the NetBSD/mvme68k netboot program, which should be located in a place where the TFTP daemon can find it (remem- ber, many TFTP daemons run in a chroot'ed environment). The netboot program may be found in the install directory of this distribution. The MVME162 , MVME167 , MVME172 , and MVME177 boot ROMs have code builtin to boot over ethernet from a TFTP server. You should configure it to download the same netboot program as is used for MVME147. The netboot program will query a bootparamd server to find the NFS server address and path name for its root, and then load a kernel from that location. The server should have a copy of the netbsd-RAMDISK kernel in the root area for your client (no other files are needed in the client root, although it might be a convenient place to put the uncom- pressed miniroot image) and /etc/bootparams on the server should have an entry for your client and its root directory. Note that you should rename the netbsd-RAMDISK kernel to just netbsd in the client's root directory before trying to netboot the client. The client will need access to the miniroot image, which can be provided using NFS or remote shell. If using NFS, mini- root.fs.gz should be expanded on the server, because doing so from the RAMDISK shell is not so easy. The unzipped miniroot takes about 7.5 MB of space. If you will be installing NetBSD on several clients, it may be useful to know that you can use a single NFS root for all the clients as long as they only use the netbsd-RAMDISK ker- nel. There will be no conflict between clients because the RAM-disk kernel will not use the NFS root. No swap file is needed; the RAM-disk kernel does not use that either. Install/Upgrade from CD-ROM This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or network, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files provided on the CD-ROM. Once you have booted netbsd-RAMDISK (the RAMDISK kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribution sets directly from the CD-ROM. The install program in the miniroot automates the work required to mount the CD-ROM and extract the files. Install/Upgrade via FTP This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e., tape or network, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files in .../install (which you get via FTP). Once you have booted netbsd-RAMDISK (the RAM-disk kernel) and loaded the mini- root, you can load any of the distribution sets over the net using FTP. The install program in the miniroot automates the work required to configure the network interface and transfer the files. This method, of course, requires network access to an FTP server. This might be a local system, or it might be ftp.NetBSD.org itself. If you wish to use ftp.NetBSD.org as your FTP file server, you may want to keep the following information handy: No IP Address: ftp.NetBSD.org Login: anonymous Password: Server path: /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-10.99.12/mvme68k/binary Preparing your System for NetBSD installation mvme68k machines usually need little or no preparation before installing NetBSD, other than the usual, well advised precaution of backing up all data on any attached storage devices. The exception to the above is that MVME162 , MVME167 , MVME172 and MVME177 boards require a jumper to be removed or DIP switch changed before NetBSD can be installed. On MVME162-LX and MVME172-LX pins 1-2 of jumper J11 must be removed. On MVME162-P2/P4 and MVME172-P2/P4 switch S4, position 8 must be set to OFF. On MVME167 and MVME177 pins 1-2 of jumper J1 must be removed. Once you've made any necessary jumper changes, the following instructions should make your machine ``NetBSD Ready''. Power-up your MVME147 board. You should have the bug prompt: COLD Start Onboard RAM start = $00000000, stop = $007FFFFF 147-Bug> Or, if you have an MVME162/172 or MVME167/177 board (the following boot message is from MVME167; the others are simi- lar): MVME167 Debugger/Diagnostics Release Version 2.3 - 02/25/94 COLD Start Local Memory Found =02000000 (&33554432) MPU Clock Speed =33Mhz 167-Bug> Make sure the RAM size looks ok (if you've got an 8 MB MVME147 or a 32 MB MVME167 you should have the same value as we do). Also make sure the clock is ticking: 1xx-Bug>time Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:14 1xx-Bug>time Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:15 1xx-Bug> Note that NetBSD bases its year at 1968, and adds the year offset in the system's real-time clock to get the current year. So the 31 here equates to 1999. You may have to adjust your clock using the set command to comply with NetBSD 's requirements. Don't worry if the `Day of the week' is not correct, as NetBSD doesn't use it. Motorola has acknowledged a year 2000 bug in some versions of the MVME147 whereby the day of the week doesn't get set cor- rectly by the 147Bug PROM. NetBSD does not affect Also make sure that your board's ethernet address is ini- tialised to the correct value. You'll find the address on a label on the inside of the MVME147's front panel, and on the VMEbus P2 connector of the other board types. On the MVME147, enter the last five digits of the address using the lsad command. On the MVME162/172 and MVME167/177, you should use the cnfg command. The NetBSD kernel reads the first two long words of the onboard NVRAM to determine the starting and ending address of any VMEbus RAM that should be used by the system. You should verify that this area is set properly for your con- figuration. If you have no VMEbus RAM boards, the values should be set to zero (0). For an MVME162, MVME167, MVME172 or MVME177 board, at the 1xx-Bug> prompt: 1xx-Bug>mm fffc0000 ;l fffc0000: xxxxxxxx?0 fffc0004: xxxxxxxx?0 fffc0008: xxxxxxxx?. 1xx-Bug> For an MVME147 board, at the 147Bug prompt: 147Bug>mm fffe0764 ;l fffe0764: xxxxxxxx?0 fffe0768: xxxxxxxx?0 fffe076c: xxxxxxxx?. If you do have VMEbus RAM available and want NetBSD to use it, the first long word should be set to the starting address of this RAM and the second long word should be set to the ending address. If you have more than one VMEbus RAM board installed, the starting and ending addresses must be contiguous from one board to the next. Also note that, for various reasons beyond the scope of this document, VMEbus RAM should be con- figured in A32 address space. To install successfully to a local SCSI disk, you need to ensure that the system is aware of what targets are con- nected to the SCSI bus. This can be done by issuing the following command: 1xx-Bug> iot;t At this point, Bug will scan for any attached SCSI devices. After a short delay, a list of SCSI devices will be dis- played. 147Bug will ask if LUNs should be assigned from SCSI ids, to which you should answer Y. You should also answer Y when asked if the information is to be saved to NVRAM. 16xBug does not prompt for this information. The following installation instructions will assume that your target SCSI disk drive appears at SCSI-ID 0. If you have a tape drive, the instructions assume is configured for SCSI-ID 5. When the RAMDISK root boots, NetBSD will refer to these devices as sd0 and rst0 respectively. You may wish to note these down; you'll be using them a lot. :-) Installing the NetBSD System Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it should not be too diffi- cult. There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your disk. If your MVME147 machine has a tape drive the easiest way is Installing from tape (details below). All other machines can be installed easily over the network from a suitable NFS server. See Installing from NFS for details. Otherwise, if you have another mvme68k machine running NetBSD you can ini- tialize the disk on that machine and then move the disk. Installing from tape Create the NetBSD/mvme68k 10.99.12 boot tape as described in the section entitled Creating boot/install tapes. Then, with the tape in the drive, type the following at the Bug prompt: 147-Bug> bo 5 16x-Bug> bo 0,50 As mentioned earlier, this assumes your tape is jumpered for SCSI-ID 5. As the tape loads (which may take 20 to 30 seconds), you will see a series of status messages. It may be useful if you can capture these messages to a file, or a scrollable xterm window. In particular, you should make a note of the lines which describe the geometry of the SCSI disks detected by NetBSD. They are of the form: sd0 at scsibus0 targ 0 lun 0: SCSI1 0/direct fixed sd0: 800 MB, 800 cyl, 16 head, 128 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 1638400 sectors The information of most interest is the number of sectors; for the fictitious disk above, it's 1638400. You will need this number when you come to create a disklabel for that drive. Here is an example of an MVME147 system booting from tape: RAM address from VMEbus = $00000000 Booting from: VME147, Controller 5, Device 0 Loading: Operating System Volume: NBSD IPL loaded at: $003F0000 >> BSD MVME147 tapeboot [$Revision: 1.25 $] 578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4 Start @ 0x8000 ... Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. NetBSD 1.5 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Oct 29 16:19:04 GMT 2000 steve@fatbob:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU real mem = 7237632 avail mem = 6381568 using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory mainbus0 (root) pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40 clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM . . Note: The exact text of the messages will vary depending on which mvme68k variant you're using. Finally, you will see the following "welcome" message: Welcome to the NetBSD/mvme68k RAMDISK root! This environment is designed to do only four things: 1: Partition your disk (use the command: disklabel -i -I /dev/rsd0c) 2: Copy a miniroot image into the swap partition (/dev/rsd0b) 3: Make that partition bootable (using 'installboot') 4: Reboot (using the swap partition, i.e. /dev/sd0b). Copying the miniroot can be done several ways, allowing the source of the miniroot image to be on any of these: boot tape, NFS server, TFTP server, rsh server The easiest is loading from tape, which is done as follows: mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 3 dd if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b bs=8k conv=sync (For help with other methods, please see the install notes.) To reboot using the swap partition after running installboot, first use halt, then at the Bug monitor prompt use a command like: 1x7Bug> bo 0,,b: To view this message again, type: cat /.welcome # You must now create a disklabel on the disk you wish to use for the root file system (/). This will usually be sd0. The disklabel is used by NetBSD to identify the starting block and size of each partition on the disk. Partitions are named sd0a, sd0b, sd0c, etc, up to sd0h. The mvme68k port of NetBSD makes some assumptions about the first three partitions on a boot disk: sd0a The root file system (/). sd0b The swap partition. sd0c The whole disk. Also known as the raw partition. The raw partition is special; NetBSD is able to use it even if the disk has no label. You should never create a file system on the Raw Partition, even on a non-boot disk. It is good practice to put /usr on a different partition than / (root, AKA sd0a). So, the first available partition for /usr is sd0d. Refer to the section entitled NetBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices for information on the recommended sizes of the / (root), /usr and swap parti- tions. You are not required to define any partitions beyond sd0d, but if you have a large disk drive, you might want to create several other partitions for file systems such as /home or /usr/src. Note that at this time you are only required to partition the root/boot disk; you will get the opportunity to partition any other disks in your system from the main miniroot installation program. To create the disklabel and partitions, use the disklabel program, passing it the name of the Raw Partition of your root/boot disk. # disklabel -i -I /dev/rsd0c important disklabel -i options: ? - short help on all commands P - print current partition table W - write the current partition table Q - quit [a-p] - define named partition To start creating the basic partitions, you should enter a at the partition> prompt. disklabel will then prompt for the partition information in a form similar to: partition> a Filesystem type [?] [unused]: 4.2BSD Start offset ('x' to start after part 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: 32m When you enter the start and length of a partition, you can append s, c, m, or g to specify sectors, cylinders, megabytes or gigabytes respectively. The above example creates partition `a', starting at sector zero and with a size of 32MB. The type of the partition should be 4.2BSD, which is the recommended NetBSD file system type. Next, create a swap partition (b). Note that the minimum size of this swap partition should be 8 MB, otherwise you won't be able to use a miniroot to complete the NetBSD installation! partition> b Filesystem type [?] [unused]: swap Start offset ('x' to start after part 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: a Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: 16m Here, we specify that the swap partition starts immediately after the `a' partition and is of size 16MB. The length of the swap partition should be at least as large as the amount of RAM in your system and ideally 64MB or over. The remain- der of the disk can be allocated to the `d' partition for the /usr file system. partition> d Filesystem type [?] [unused]: 4.2BSD Start offset ('x' to start after part 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: b Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: $ Note that the above partition sizes are just guidelines. If your disk is large enough, you should resize the partitions appropriately and perhaps also create a /var partition as well. You now need to write this new disklabel, together with the partition details you've just entered, to disk. You might also try the `P' command to view the partitions. Once writ- ten, you can quit back to the shell using `Q'. Now that your disk's partitioned, you need to get the proper installation miniroot image onto it. The miniroot image is designed to be copied into the swap partition of your disk. This is a safe place which won't be overwritten by the installation procedure. From the shell prompt, use the fol- lowing commands to copy the miniroot image from tape to swap (b). # mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind # mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 3 # dd if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b bs=8k conv=osync The disk and the miniroot must now be made bootable using the installboot(8) command. To do this, issue the following commands: # mount /dev/sd0b /mnt # installboot /mnt/usr/mdec/bootsd /bootxx /dev/rsd0b # umount /dev/sd0b You can now shutdown the system. # halt signal 15 syncing disks... done unmounting / (root_device)... halted 147-Bug> reset Reset Local SCSI Bus [Y,N] N? y Automatic reset of known SCSI Buses on RESET [Y,N] Y? Cold/Warm Reset flag [C,W] = C? Execute Soft Reset [Y,N] N? y Resetting the other types of MVME boards are very similar. You should now reboot from that just installed miniroot. See the section entitled Booting the miniroot for details. Installing from NFS Before you can install from NFS, you must have already con- figured your NFS server to support your machine as a bootable client. Instructions for configuring the server are found in the section entitled Getting the NetBSD System onto Useful Media above. To get started on the MVME147, you need to download sboot into RAM (you will find sboot in the install directory of the mvme68k distribution). You can either do that through the console line or through a 2nd serial connection. For example, an MVME147 connected to a sun4/110 and accessed via tip(1) can be loaded as follows: lo 0 ~Ccat sboot go 4000 Which will look like this: 147-Bug> lo 0 ~CLocal command? cat sboot away for 11 seconds ! 147-Bug> g 4000 Effective address: 00004000 sboot: serial line bootstrap program (end = 6018) >>> Now, if you want to do it through serial line 1, then con- nect serial line one to a machine. At the 147-Bug> prompt type tm 1 You should then login to the machine it is con- nected to. Then press CONTROL-A to escape to Bug. Do lo 1;x=cat sboot ... then when that is done you can reconnect tm 1 and logout. Then do go 4000 and you've got the >>> prompt of sboot. Once you've got the >prompt, you can boot the RAMDISK kernel from the server: >>> b le0: ethernet address: 8:0:3e:20:cb:87 My ip address is: 192.168.1.4 Server ip address is: 192.168.1.1 4800 Download was a success! See below for the next step in booting MVME147. The MVME162, MVME167, MVME172 and MVME177 boards are able to download netboot directly using TFTP. To enable this, you must first configure the networking parameters on the board as described in the section entitled "Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation. On a properly configured MVME162/172 or MVME167/177, all you need to type is: 1xx-Bug> nbo For all board types, the boot messages are very similar: Start @ 0x8000 ... >> BSD MVME147 netboot (via sboot) [$Revision: 1.25 $] device: le0 attached to 08:00:3e:20:cb:87 boot: client IP address: 192.168.1.4 boot: client name: soapy root addr=192.168.1.1 path=/export/soapy 578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4 Start @ 0x8000 ... Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. NetBSD 1.5 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Oct 29 16:19:04 GMT 2000 steve@fatbob:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU real mem = 7237632 avail mem = 6381568 using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory mainbus0 (root) pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40 clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM . . After the boot program loads the RAMDISK kernel, you should see the welcome screen as shown in the "tape boot" section above. You now need to create a disklabel with partition informa- tion on the SCSI disk on which you intend to create your root file system (/). Follow the instructions in the previ- ous section entitled Installing from tape to do this. (But stop short of the part which describes how to copy the mini- root from tape.) You must now configure the network interface before you can access the NFS server containing the miniroot image. For example the command: # ifconfig le0 inet 192.168.1.4 up will bring up the MVME147 network interface le0 with that address. The command: # ifconfig ie0 inet 192.168.1.4 up will bring up the MVME162/172 or MVME167/177 network inter- face ie0 with that address. The next step is to copy the miniroot from your server. This can be done using either NFS or remote shell. (In the examples that follow, the server has IP address 192.168.1.1) You may then need to add a default route if the server is on a different subnet: # route add default 192.168.1.2 1 You can look at the route table using: # route show Now mount the NFS file system containing the miniroot image: # mount -r 192.168.1.1:/export/soapy /mnt The procedure is simpler if you have space for an expanded (not compressed) copy of the miniroot image. In that case: # dd if=/mnt/miniroot of=/dev/rsd0b bs=8k Otherwise, you will need to use gzcat to expand the miniroot image while copying. # gzcat miniroot.fs.gz | dd of=/dev/rsd0b obs=8k conv=osync You must now make the disk bootable. Refer to the previous section on installing from tape, where it describes how to run installboot. This is immediately following the part which explains how to copy the miniroot from tape. Booting the miniroot Assuming the miniroot is installed on partition `b' of the disk with SCSI-ID 0, then the boot command is: 1xx-Bug> bo 0,,b: The command line parameters above are: 0 controller (usually zero) ,, bug argument separators b: tell the bootstrap code to boot from partition b You should see a bunch of boot messages, followed by mes- sages from the miniroot kernel just as you did when the RAMDISK kernel booted. You will then be prompted to enter the root device. Since the miniroot was booted from the swap partition, you should enter sd0b. You will then be asked for the swap device and file system type. Just press RETURN twice to accept the defaults. When asked to enter a terminal type, either accept the default, or use whatever the TERM environment variable is set to in the shell of your host system: boot device: sd0 root device (default sd0a): sd0b dump device (default sd0b): (return) file system (default generic): (return) root on sd0b dumps on sd0b mountroot: trying ffs... root file system type: ffs init: copying out path `/sbin/init' 11 erase ^H, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C Terminal type? [vt100] return Congratulations! The system should now be running the mini- root installation program. Miniroot install program: The miniroot's install program is very simple to use. It will guide you through the entire process, and is well auto- mated. All recent releases of NetBSD provide the option of using sysinst instead of the old installation and upgrade shell scripts. At this time, sysinst is not capable of installing distribution sets from tape. In such a case, you should fallback to the shell script installation or upgrade proce- dure. In all other cases, sysinst should be used. Note that as soon as sysinst can deal with tapes, the shell script tools will be removed. The miniroot's install program (both sysinst and the shell script version) will: o Allow you to place disklabels on additional disks. The disk we are installing on should already have been par- titioned using the RAMDISK kernel. Note that partition sizes and offsets are expressed in sectors. When you fill out the disklabel, you will need to specify partition types and file system parameters. If you're unsure what these values should be, use the following defaults: fstype: 4.2BSD fsize: 1024 bsize: 4096 cpg: 16 If the partition will be a swap partition, use the fol- lowing: fstype: swap fsize: 0 (or blank) bsize: 0 (or blank) cpg: 0 (or blank) Note that partition `c' is special; it covers then entire disk and should not be assigned to a file system. The number of partitions is currently fixed at 8. o Create file systems on target partitions. o Allow you to set up your system's network configuration. Remember to specify host names without the domain name appended to the end. For example use foo instead of foo.bar.org. If, during the process of configuring the network interfaces, you make a mistake, you will be able to re-configure that interface by simply selecting it for configuration again. o Mount target file systems. You will be given the oppor- tunity to manually edit the resulting /etc/fstab. o Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. o Copy configuration information gathered during the installation process to your root file system (/). o Make device nodes in your root file system under /dev. o Copy a new kernel onto your root partition (/). o Install a new boot block. o Check your file systems for integrity. First-time installation on a system through a method other than the installation program is possible, but strongly dis- couraged. Running the sysinst installation program 1. Introduction Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of com- pleteness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. General The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk. sysinst is a menu-driven program that guides you through the installation process. Sometimes questions will be asked, and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the ques- tion. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the /sysinst program from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 3. Quick install First, let's describe a quick install. The other sec- tions of this document go into the installation proce- dure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instructions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install medium. o What you need. - The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the CD or DVD). - One 1.44 MB 3.5" floppy. - A minimum of 4 MB of memory installed. - An optical drive. - A hard drive with at least 500 MB of free space for a complete base install, not including room for swap. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 225 MB more. o The Quick Installation - Insert the first boot floppy you just created and boot the computer. After language selec- tion, the main menu will be displayed. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-10.99.12 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * f: Config menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. - If you wish, you can configure some network settings immediately by choosing the Utility menu and then Configure network. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. - Choose Install. - You will be guided through the setup of your disk. - You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to install. - When prompted, choose CD-ROM as the install medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default val- ues for the path and device should be OK. - After the installation process has completed, you will be brought back to the main menu, where you should select Reboot, after you have removed the bootfloppy from the drive. - NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a password for the root user when prompted by sysinst, logging in as root and setting a pass- word should be your first task. You are also advised to read afterboot(8). 4. Booting NetBSD Boot your machine. The boot loader will start, which will print a countdown and begin booting. If the boot loader messages do not appear in a reason- able amount of time, you either have a bad boot floppy or a hardware problem. Try writing the install floppy image to a different disk, and using that. It will take a while to load the kernel from the floppy, probably around a minute or so; then the kernel boot messages will be displayed. This may take a lit- tle while also, as NetBSD will be probing your system to discover which hardware devices are installed. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first SATA/PATA disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Note that once the system has finished booting, you need not leave the floppy in the disk drive. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot mes- sages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 5. Network configuration If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be con- figured for networking once the system is installed, you should first go to the Utility menu and select the Configure network option. If you only want to tempo- rarily use networking during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 6. Installation drive selection and parameters To start the installation, select Install NetBSD to hard disk from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. sysinst will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like sd0 or sd1. 7. Selecting which sets to install The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, mini- mal, and custom installations. If you choose sets on your own, base, etc, and a kernel must be selected. 8. Partitioning the disk o Choosing which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, sysinst will check for the presence of other operating systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to overwrite these. 9. Editing the NetBSD disklabel The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a disklabel. If your disk already has a diskla- bel written to it, you can choose Use existing partition sizes. Otherwise, select Set sizes of NetBSD partitions. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD diskla- bel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD. A swap partition has a special type called swap. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (/) b Swap partition. c The entire disk. d-h Available for other use. Traditionally, d is the partition mounted on /usr, but this is historical practice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be OK for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special char- acters. You don't need to remember this name. 10. Preparing your hard disk You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to proceed, select yes. The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Other- wise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. 11. Getting the distribution sets The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extraction. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sec- tions describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 12. Installation from CD-ROM When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. sysinst will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets. 13. Installation using FTP To install using FTP, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using FTP, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to spec- ify an IP address instead of a hostname for the FTP server. sysinst will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 14. Installation using NFS To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 15. Installation from an unmounted file system In order to install from a local file system, you will need to specify the device that the file system resides on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. sysinst will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 16. Installation from a local directory This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file system that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory. 17. Extracting the distribution sets A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already con- figured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configu- ration files. 18. Configure additional items The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password. You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary packages for third-party software. This will feel familiar to users of package tools such as apt-get or yum. If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree. Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8). 19. Finalizing your installation Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 10.99.12. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or what- ever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following com- mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend- ing on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro- ceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con- tinue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys- tem. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide: https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html: 6. Installing third-party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec- essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. o More information on the package system is available at https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ usually in the mvme68k/10.99.12/All subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is cor- rectly configured, you can install them with the following commands: # pkgin install tcsh bash perl apache xfce4 firefox ... The above command will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, Xfce desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. If it was not automatically installed, pkgin(1) can be installed on a fresh NetBSD system with pkg_add(1): export PKG_PATH=https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/$(uname -p)/$(uname -r | cut -d_ -f1)/All pkg_add pkgin o If you wish to use the pkgsrc(7) framework for com- piling packages and did not install it from the sysinst(8) post-installation configuration menu, you can obtain it by retrieving the file https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/stable/pkgsrc.tar.gz. It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other locations work fine) with the commands: # cd /usr # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more information. 7. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System It is possible to easily upgrade your existing NetBSD/mvme68k system using the upgrade program in the mini- root or by manually performing the same steps as the mini- root upgrade program. Upgrading using the miniroot If you wish to upgrade your system by this method, simply select the upgrade option once the miniroot has booted. The upgrade program with then guide you through the procedure. The upgrade program will: 1. Enable the network based on your system's current net- work configuration. 2. Mount your existing file systems. 3. Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. 4. Fixup your system's existing /etc/fstab, changing the occurrences of ufs to ffs and let you edit the result- ing file. 5. Make new device nodes in your root file system under /dev. 6. Don't forget to extract the kern set from the distribu- tion. Note: The existing kernel will not be backed up; doing so would be pointless, since older kernels may not be capable of running NetBSD 10.99.12 executables. 7. Install a new boot block. 8. Check your file systems for integrity. 9. You'll have to reboot your system manually Manual upgrade While using the miniroot's upgrade program is the preferred method of upgrading your system, it is possible to upgrade your system manually. To do this, follow the following pro- cedure: 1. Place at least the base binary set in a file system accessible to the target machine. A local file system is preferred, since the NFS subsystem in the NetBSD 10.99.12 kernel may be incompatible with your old binaries. 2. Back up your pre-existing kernel and copy the 10.99.12 kernel into your root partition (/). 3. Reboot with the 10.99.12 kernel into single-user mode. 4. Check all file systems: # /sbin/fsck -pf 5. Mount all local file systems: # /sbin/mount -a -t nonfs 6. If you keep /usr or /usr/share on an NFS server, you will want to mount those file systems as well. To do this, you will need to enable the network: # sh /etc/rc.d/network start 7. Make sure you are in the root file system (/) and extract the base binary set: # cd / # pax -zrvpe -f /path/to/base.tgz 8. Install a new boot block: # cd /usr/mdec # cp bootsd /.bootsd # ./installboot /.bootsd bootxx root-disk E.g.: root-disk could be /dev/rsd0a. 9. Sync the file systems: # sync 10. At this point you may extract any other binary sets you may have placed on local file systems, or you may wish to extract additional sets at a later time. To extract these sets, use the following commands: # cd / # pax -zrvpe -f path_to_set Note: You should not extract the etc set if upgrading. Instead, you should extract that set into another area and carefully merge the changes by hand. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 10.99.12. Note that sysinst will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default will be handled. In NetBSD 9 and earlier, filesystems listed in /etc/fstab would be mounted before non-legacy zfs filesystems. Starting from NetBSD 10 this order has been reversed. If you have ever run a version of NetBSD -current between April 18, 2020 and September 23, 2022 (the version numbers used in the affected time range are between 9.99.56 and 9.99.106) your FFS file systems might have broken extended attributes stored. You should follow this guide: https://wiki.netbsd.org/features/UFS2ea/ before booting the updated system multi-user for the first time. Note that you do not need to do anything special if you never did run any affected kernel, especially if you have never run NetBSD -current. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 10.99.12 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis- tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta- tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropos(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several cate- gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra- tive information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num- bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu- mentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of pos- sibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. See https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter- face at https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro- priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage- ment. o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at https://www.NetBSD.org/donations/ (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver- ify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan- uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu- ment: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun- dation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun- dation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. 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This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi- lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL- ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni- versity makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. The End NetBSD/mvme68k 10.99.12 Nov 21, 2024 NetBSD/mvme68k 10.99.12